Mesopotamian Gods and the Bull

Contenido principal del artículo

Renate Marian van Dijk-Coombes

Resumen

En Mesopotamia, los dioses fueron asociados al toro desde por lo menos el perí­odo Protodinástico hasta la época neo-babilónica o caldea. Esta relación adoptó muchas modalidades: el toro podí­a servir como el animal divino del dios, la divinidad era comparada con el toro o, quizás, hasta podí­a adoptar la forma misma del animal. En este artí­culo, son identificados y estudiados los distintos dioses relacionados con el toro a fin de reconocer qué deidades fueron asociadas con más frecuencia al bóvido. Los ví­nculos entre los dioses y el toro son evidentes tanto en fuentes textuales como iconográficas, aunque se cuenta con menos ejemplos de esta conexión en este último tipo de registro. Los ejemplos de la representación de la asociación entre los diversos dioses y el toro en las inscripciones y la iconografí­a se pueden comparar y contrastar con el fin de revelar diferencias y similitudes en estas representaciones.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
van Dijk-Coombes, R. M. (2018). Mesopotamian Gods and the Bull. Sociedades Precapitalistas, 8(1), e030. https://doi.org/10.24215/22505121e030
Sección
Artículos
Biografía del autor/a

Renate Marian van Dijk-Coombes, Stellenbosch University

Postdoctoral Researcher at Stellenbosch University. Ph.D. in Ancient Studies (Stellenbosch University, 2016). M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) cum laude (2011), B.A. Hons (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) cum laude (2008), B.A. majoring in Ancient Near Eastern Cultures and Classical Cultures cum laude (2007) in University of South Africa.

Citas

Aslihan Yener, K., Edens, C., Harrison, T.P., Verstraete, J., & Wilkinson, T.J. (2000). The Amuq Valley Regional Project, 1995-1998. The American Journal of Archaeology, 104(2),163-220.

Bernett, M., & Keel, O. (1998). Mond, Stier und Kult am Stadttor; Die Stele von Besaida (et-Tell) (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 161). Freiburg / Göttingen: Universitätsverlag / Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.

Bienkowski, P., & Millard, A. (2000). British Museum Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum Press.

Black, J., & Green, A. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Black, J., Cunningham, G., Robson, E. & Zólyomi, G. (2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Buchanan, B. (1981). Early Near Eastern seals in the Yale Babylonian Collection. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

Cashford, J. (2003). The Moon: Myth and Image. London: Cassell Illustrated.

Cavigneaux, A. & Krebernik, M. (1998-2001). Nin-gublaga, in RlA 9:374-376.

Collon, D. (2005). First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum Press.

Cornelius, I. (2014). “Trading religions” and “visible religions” in the ancient Near East, in Wick, P. & V. Rabens (Eds.), Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West (pp. 141-165). Leiden: Brill.

Dalley, S. (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Frankel, D. (1979). Archaeologists at Work: Studies on Halaf Pottery. London: British Museum Publication Limited.

George, A. (2003). The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. London: Penguin Books.

Goff, B.L. (1960). Observations on Barnett’s, a catalogue of Nimrud Ivories. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 80(4), 340-347.

Green, A. (1995). Ancient Mesopotamian Religious Iconography. In J.M. Sasson (Ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. 4 vols (pp. 1837-1855). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.

Green, A. (2003). The Storm-God in the Ancient Near East (Biblical and Judaic Studies 8). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

Jacobsen, Th. (1976). The Treasures of Darkness. A History of Mesopotamian Religion. New Haven, NY: Yale University Press.

Jakob-Rost, L., Klengel-Brandt, E., Marzahn, J., & Wartke, R. (1992). Das Vorderasiatische Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Mainz am Rhein: PreuíŸischer Kulturbesitz Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

Kramer, S.N. (1963). Cuneiform Studies and the History of Literature: The Sumerian Sacred Marriage Texts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 107(6), 485-527.

Kramer, S.N. (1972). Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Krebernik, M. (2009-2011). Sonnengott. A. I. In Mesopotamien. Philologisch, in RlA 12:599- 611.

Kunze, M., Jakob-Rost, L., Klengel-Brandt, E., Marzahn, J., & Warkte, R. (1995). Short Guide, Pergamon Museum,

Collection of Classical Antiquities, Museum of Western Asiatic Antiquity. Mainz am Rhein: PreuíŸischer Kulturbesitz Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

Kurmangaliev, A. (2009-2011). Sonnengott. B. I. In Mesopotamien. Archäologisch. RlA 12:616-620.

Lambert, W.G. (19980-83). Lah̬ar, in RlA 6:431.

Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths. Mesospotamian Civilizations 16. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns.

Learning, D. (2003). Religion and Sexuality: The Perversions of Natural Marriage. Journal of Religion and Health, 42(2), 101-109.

Leick, G. (1998). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. London: Routledge.

Matthews, D.M. (1997). The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak; Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria. Freiburg / Göttingen: Universitätsverlag / Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.

Mellaart, J. (1961). Excavations at Hacilar: Fourth Preliminary Report, 1960. Anatolian Studies: Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 11, 39-75.

Mellaart, J. (1965). Earliest Civilizations of the Near East. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Paperbacks.

Middleton, J.R. (2005). The Liberating Image: The Imago Dei in Genesis 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press.

Ornan, T. (2001). The Bull and its Two Masters: Moon and Storm Deities in Relation to the Bull in Ancient Near Eastern Art. Israel Exploration Journal, 51(1), 1-26.

Ornan, T. (2005). The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban. OBO 213. Fribourg/Göttingen: Fribourg Academic Press/Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Pritchard, J.B. (1973). The Ancient Near East, an Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Vol. II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rice, M. (1998). The Power of the Bull. London: Routledge.

Sasson, J.M. (Ed.) (1995). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. 4 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.

Schwemer, D. (2001). Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

Sefati, Y. (1998). Love Songs in Sumerian Literature: Critical Edition of the Dumuzi-Inanna Songs. Jerusalem: Bar-Ilan Univeristy Press.

Seidl, U. 2011-2013. Stier. C. In der Bildkunst. RlA 13:179-181.

van Buren, E.D. (1934). The God Ningizzida. Iraq, 1(1), 60-89.

Wainwright, G.A. (1933). The Bull Standards of Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 19(1), 42-52.

Watanabe, C.E. (2002). Animal Symbolism in Mesopotamia: A Contextual Approach. WOO 1. Vienna: Institut für Orientalistik, Universität Wien.

Wiggermann, F.A.M. (2010). The image of Dumuzi: A diachronic analysis. In J. Stackert, B.N. Porter & D.P. Wright (Eds.), Gazing in the Deep: Ancient Near Eastern and Other Studies in Honor of Tzvi Abusch (pp. 327-350). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

Wiggermann, F.A.M. (2011-13). Sumuqan, in RlA 13:308-309.

Wolkenstein, D. & Kramer, S. 1983. Inanna, Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. New York, NY: Harper & Row.