The “Revolutionary” <i>Basileia</i> of Nabis
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Abstract
In ancient literary sources King Nabis of Sparta is characterized as a tyrant having undertaken a series of radical reforms, which especially in their social content, attacked the established order and threatened the supremacy in the Peloponnese of a conservative Achaean league sustained in the propertied classes and backed by the unstoppable Roman legions. It is the purpose of this article to analyze the basis of this “revolutionary” monarchy of Nabis and the scope, objectives and final fortune of its measures, which represented an attempt to accommodate the reality of the Hellenistic states without relinquishing the Spartan identity and cultural heritage. The ultimate aim was to recover part of its past military splendour and to achieve a worthy, if not hegemonic, place in the complex and unstable Peloponnesian geopolitical chessboard, but the Achaean elite did not cease until it had silenced any socioeconomic claim in Lacedaemonian society.
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References
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Mossé, C. (1969). La tyrannie dans la Grèce ancienne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Oliva, P. (1983). Esparta y sus problemas sociales. Madrid: Akal (Prague, 1971).
Peek, W. (1955). Griechischen Vers-Inscriften, I. Grabepigramme, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Piper, L. J. (1984-86). “Spartan Helots in the Hellenistic Age”. AncSoc 15-17, 75-88.
Piper, L. J. (1986). Spartan Twilight. New Rochelle (NY): Aristide D. Caratzas Publisher.
Robins, W. S. (1958). “The Position of the Helots in the Time of Nabis 206-192 B.C.”. UBHJ 6, 93-98.
Shimron, B. (1966). “Nabis of Sparta and the Helots”. CPh 61, 1-7.
Shimron, B. (1972). Late Sparta. The Spartan Revolution 243-146 B.C. Arethusa Monograph 3, Buffalo (NY): State University of New York.
Shimron, B. (1974). “Nabis, aemulus Lycurgi”. SCI 50, 40-46.
Steinhauer, G. (1992). “An Illyrian Mercenary in Sparta under Nabis”. en J. Motyka Sanders (ed.), ΦΙΛΟΛΑΚΩΝ. Lakonian Studies in honour of Hector Catling. London: British School at Athens, 239-245.
Texier, J.-G. (1974). “Nabis et les hilotes”. DHA 1, 189-205.
Texier, J.-G. (1975). Nabis. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Texier, J.-G. (1976-77). “Un aspect de l´antagonisme de Rome et de Sparte à l´époque hellénistique: l´entrevue de 195 avant J.-C. entre Titus Quinctius Flamininus et Nabis”. REA 78-79, 145-154.
Texier, J.-G. (2014). “192-182 avant J.-C.: regards et réflexions sur dix ans d´histoire spartiate”, en J. Christien y B. Legras (éds.). Sparte hellénistique – IVe-IIIe siècles avant notre ère. DHA Suppl. 11, Besançon, 237-296.
Tomlinson, R. A. (1972). Argos and the Argolid. London: Routledge.
Wace, A. J. B. (1905-06). “Laconia. 2. The City Wall”. ABSA 12, 284-287.
Wace, A. J. B. (1906-07). “Excavations at Sparta, 1907. 2. The City Walls”. ABSA 13, 5-16.
Welwei, K.-W. (1974). Unfreie im antiken Kriegsdienst I, Athen und Sparta. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Birgalias, N. (2005). “Nabis: un prince hellénistique?”, en V. Alonso Troncoso (ed.), Διάδοχος τῆς βασιλείας. La figura del sucesor en la realeza helenística. Anejos de Gerión 9, Madrid, 139-151.
Bousquet, J. (1964). “Inscriptions grecques concernant des Romains. Flamininus à Corinthe”. BCH 88, 607-609.
Brulé, P. (1978). La piraterie crétoise hellénistique. París: Les Belles Lettres.
Brulé, P. (1999). “Polybe et Nabis”, en J. Renard (ed.), Le Péloponnèse, archéologie et histoire. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 180-193.
Cartledge, P. A. y Spawforth, A. (1989). Hellenistic and Roman Sparta. A Tale of Two Cities. London-New York: Routledge.
Chrimes, K. M. T. (1949). Ancient Sparta. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Daux, G. (1964). “Concours des Titeia dans un décret d’Argos”. BCH 88, 569-576.
De Souza, Ph. (1999). Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Della Santa, M. (2014). “Les conséquences de l´urbanisation hellénistique sur la description de Sparte par Pausanias le périegète”, en J. Christien y B. Legras (éds.). Sparte hellénistique – IVe-IIIe siècles avant notre ère. DHA Suppl. 11, Besançon, 77-92.
Ducat, J. (1990). Les Hilotes. BCH Suppl. XX, Paris.
Eckstein, A. M. (1987). “Nabis and Flamininus on the Argive Revolutions of 198 and 197 B.C.”. GRBS 28.2, 213-233.
Errington, R. M. (1969). Philopoemen. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press.
Fontana, M. J. (1980). “Nabide tiranno tra Roma e i Greci”, en Φιλίας χάριν. Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni, III, Roma: Bretschneider, 917-945.
Fornis, C. (2015). “Bajo el signo de Licurgo: el reformismo atávico de Agis IV y Cleómenes III”. ETF (HA) 28, 19-37.
Forrest, W. G. (1980). A History of Sparta 950-192 B.C. London: Hutchinson.
Gómez Espelosín, F. J. (1985). Rebeliones y conflictos internos en las ciudades del mundo helenístico. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.
Gruen, E. S. (1984). The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. Berkeley-Los Angeles- London: University of California Press.
Grunauer-von Hoerschelmann, S. (1978). Die Münzprägung der Lakedaimonier. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Hodkinson, S. (2000). Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales.
Holleaux, M. (1930). “Rome and Macedon: The Romans against Philip”. CAH VIII, Cambridge, 138-198.
Homolle, T. (1896). “Le roi Nabis”. BCH 20, 502-522.
Karafotias, A. (1998). “Crete in search of a new protector: Nabis of Sparta and his relations with the island”, en W. G. Cavanagh et al. (eds.). Post-Minoan Crete. London: British School at Athens, 105-111.
Kennell, N. M. (2003). “Agreste genus: Helots in Hellenistic Laconia”, en N. Luraghi y S. E. Alcock (eds.). Helots and their Masters in Laconia and Messenia. Cambridge (Mass.): Center for Hellenic Studies and Harvar University Press, 81-105.
Larsen, J. A. O. (1968). Greek Federal States. Their Institutions and History. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press.
Lévy, E. (1987). “La Sparte de Polybe”. Ktèma 12, 63-79.
Lévy, E. (2003). Sparte. Histoire politique et sociale jusqu´à la conquête romaine. Paris: Seuil.
Martínez-Lacy, R. (1983). “De Cleómenes a Nabis”. Nova Tellus 1, 105-120.
Martínez-Lacy, R. (1995). Rebeliones populares en la Grecia helenística, Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios Clásicos 38, México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Martínez-Lacy, R. (1997) “The Application of the Concept of Revolution to the Reforms of Agis, Cleomenes and Nabis at Sparta”. QS 46, 95-105.
Mendels, D. (1979). “Polybius, Nabis, and Equality”. Athenaeum 57, 311-333.
Mossé, C. (1964). “Un tyran grec à l´époque hellénistique: Nabis “roi” de Sparte”. CHist 9, 313- 323.
Mossé, C. (1969). La tyrannie dans la Grèce ancienne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Oliva, P. (1983). Esparta y sus problemas sociales. Madrid: Akal (Prague, 1971).
Peek, W. (1955). Griechischen Vers-Inscriften, I. Grabepigramme, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Piper, L. J. (1984-86). “Spartan Helots in the Hellenistic Age”. AncSoc 15-17, 75-88.
Piper, L. J. (1986). Spartan Twilight. New Rochelle (NY): Aristide D. Caratzas Publisher.
Robins, W. S. (1958). “The Position of the Helots in the Time of Nabis 206-192 B.C.”. UBHJ 6, 93-98.
Shimron, B. (1966). “Nabis of Sparta and the Helots”. CPh 61, 1-7.
Shimron, B. (1972). Late Sparta. The Spartan Revolution 243-146 B.C. Arethusa Monograph 3, Buffalo (NY): State University of New York.
Shimron, B. (1974). “Nabis, aemulus Lycurgi”. SCI 50, 40-46.
Steinhauer, G. (1992). “An Illyrian Mercenary in Sparta under Nabis”. en J. Motyka Sanders (ed.), ΦΙΛΟΛΑΚΩΝ. Lakonian Studies in honour of Hector Catling. London: British School at Athens, 239-245.
Texier, J.-G. (1974). “Nabis et les hilotes”. DHA 1, 189-205.
Texier, J.-G. (1975). Nabis. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Texier, J.-G. (1976-77). “Un aspect de l´antagonisme de Rome et de Sparte à l´époque hellénistique: l´entrevue de 195 avant J.-C. entre Titus Quinctius Flamininus et Nabis”. REA 78-79, 145-154.
Texier, J.-G. (2014). “192-182 avant J.-C.: regards et réflexions sur dix ans d´histoire spartiate”, en J. Christien y B. Legras (éds.). Sparte hellénistique – IVe-IIIe siècles avant notre ère. DHA Suppl. 11, Besançon, 237-296.
Tomlinson, R. A. (1972). Argos and the Argolid. London: Routledge.
Wace, A. J. B. (1905-06). “Laconia. 2. The City Wall”. ABSA 12, 284-287.
Wace, A. J. B. (1906-07). “Excavations at Sparta, 1907. 2. The City Walls”. ABSA 13, 5-16.
Welwei, K.-W. (1974). Unfreie im antiken Kriegsdienst I, Athen und Sparta. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.