The greek polis: population, territory, and political models
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Abstract
The article takes a look at some historiographical perspectives that have conditioned the studies on the Greek polis during the last decades, paying particular attention to the concept of consumption city impelled by Moses Finley, following Werner Sombart and Max Weber, and the criticisms on this notion elaborated by Mogens Hansen within the Copenhagen Polis Center. A review of Sombart’s formulation on the consumption city, which is Weber's point of departure taken up by Finley in proposing that the ancient city was a city of consumers, allows Hansen to conjecture that the polis does not fit into this model. Indeed, it is based on a distribution of the population between countryside and town that is not in line with what recent archaeological surveys have shown in relation to the polis. On the basis of this, the notion of Normalpolis, promoted by John Bintliff but originally enunciated by Eberhard Ruschenbusch, and certain ideas of Aristotle, on the inclusion of peasant population in the politeia, are reconsidered to understand the relationships between population, territory, and political models that were probably characteristic of the structure of most poleis.
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Gallego, J. (2016). The greek polis: population, territory, and political models. Sociedades Precapitalistas, 6(1), e014. Retrieved from https://www.sociedadesprecapitalistas.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/article/view/SPe014
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References
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Bintliff, J. (1994). “Territorial behaviour and the natural history of the Greek polis”, en E. Olshausen & H. Sonnabend (eds.), Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur historischen Geographie des Altertums 4, 1990. Grenze und Grenzland, Amsterdam, Hakkert, pp. 207-249.
Bintliff, J. (1999). “The origins and nature of the Greek city-state and its significance for world settlement history”, en P. Ruby (ed.), Les princes de la Protohistoire et l’émergence de l’État, Naples-Rome, Centre Jean Bérard-École Française de Rome, pp. 43-56.
Bintliff, J. (2006). “City-country relationships in the «normal polis»”, en R.M. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.), City, countryside, and the spatial organization of value in classical antiquity, Leiden, Brill, pp. 13-32.
Bresson, A. (2000). La cité marchande, Bordeaux, Ausonius.
Bruhns, H. (1985). “De Werner Sombart à Max Weber et Moses I. Finley: la typologie de la ville antique et la question de la ville de consommation”, en P. Leveau (ed.), L’origine des richesses dépensées dans le ville antique, Aix-en-Provence, Publications de l’Université, pp. 255-273.
Bruhns, H. (1996). “Max Weber, l’économie et l’histoire”, Annales. Histoire & Sciences Sociales, 51, pp. 1259-1287.
Bruhns, H. & Nippel, W. (1987-89). “Max Weber, M. I. Finley et le concept de cité antique”, Opus, 6-8, pp. 27-50.
Burford, A. (1993). Land and labor in the Greek world, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cartledge, P. (1998). “The economy (economies) of ancient Greece”, Dialogos, 5, pp. 4-24.
Descat, R. (1987). “L’économie d’une cité grecque au IVe siècle avant J.-C.: l’exemple athénien”, Revue des Études Anciennes, 89, pp. 239-252.
Descat, R. (1995). “L’économie antique et la cité grecque”, Annales. Histoire & Sciences Sociales, 50, pp. 961-989.
Engels, D. (1990). Roman Corinth. An alternative model for the classical city, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Finley, M.I. (1966). Los griegos de la Antigüedad [1963], Barcelona, Labor.
Finley, M.I. (1974). La economía de la Antigüedad [1973], México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Finley, M.I. (1984a). “La libertad del ciudadano en el mundo griego” [1976], en La Grecia antigua: economía y sociedad [1981], Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 103-123, 289-291.
Finley, M.I. (1984b): “La ciudad antigua: de Fustel de Coulanges a Max Weber y más allá” [1977], en La Grecia antigua: economía y sociedad [1981], Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 35-59, 281-284.
Finley, M.I. (1986). “Max Weber y la ciudad-estado griega” [1985], en Historia antigua: problemas metodológicos [1985], Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 133-156.
Gallego, J. (2005). Campesinos en la ciudad. Bases agrarias de la pólis griega y la infantería hoplita, Buenos Aires, Del Signo-Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Gallego, J. (2006). “El inventario de las poleis del «Copenhagen Polis Centre» y la definición de la polis como ciudad y como estado”, Ordia Prima. Revista de Estudios Clásicos, 5, pp. 157-172.
Gehrke, H.-J. (1986). Jenseits von Athen und Sparta. Das Dritte Griechenland und seine Staatenwelt, München, Beck.
Hansen, M.H. (1997). “The polis as an urban centre. The literary and epigraphical evidence”, en M.H. Hansen, (ed.), The polis as an urban centre and as a political community, Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, pp. 9-86.
Hansen, M.H. (2004a). “Introduction”, en M.H. Hansen & Th. Nielsen (eds.), An inventory of archaic and classical poleis, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-153. Hansen, M.H. (2004b). “The concept of the consumption city applied to the Greek polis”, en T.H. Nielsen (ed.), Once again. Studies in the ancient Greek polis, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 9-47.
Hansen, M.H. (2006). Polis. An introduction to the ancient Greek city-state, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Hansen, M.H. & Nielsen, Th. (eds.) (2004). An inventory of archaic and classical poleis, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Harris, E.M. (2001). Alain Bresson, La cité marchande. Bordeaux: Ausonius (Scripta Antiqua 2), 2000. Pp. 343. ISBN 2-910023-16-8, Bryn Mawr Classical Review (http://bmcr.brynmawr. edu/2001/2001-09-40.html).
Hopkins, K. (1978). “Economic growth and towns in classical antiquity”, en P. Abrams & E. Wrigley (eds.), Towns in societies. Essays in history and historical sociology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-79.
Horden, P. & Purcell, N. (2000). The corrupting sea. A study of Mediterranean history, Oxford, Blackwell.
Isager, S. & Skydsgaard, J.E. (1992). Ancient Greek agriculture. An introduction, London, Routledge.
Kirsten, E. (1956). Die griechische Polis als historisch-geographisches Problem des Mittelmeerraumes, Bonn, Dümmlers Verlag.
Kõiv, M. (2002). “Democratisation of Greek society during the archaic era?”, Studia Humaniora Tartuensia, 3, 1-12.
Leveau, P. (1983a). “La ville antique et l’organisation de l’espace rurale: villa, ville, village”, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 38, pp. 920-942.
Leveau, P. (1983b). “La ville antique, «ville de consommation»? Parasitisme social et économie antique”, Études Rurales, 89-91, pp. 275-283.
Lintott, A. (1992). “Aristotle and democracy”, Classical Quarterly, 42, pp. 114-128.
Lintott, A. (2000). “Aristotle and the mixed constitution”, en R. Brock & S. Hodkinson (eds.), Alternatives to Athens. Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 152-166.
Mattingly, D.J., Stone, D., Stirling, L. & Lazreg, N.B. (2001). “Leptiminus (Tunisia). A «producer» city?”, en D.J. Mattingly & J. Salmon (eds.), Economies beyond agriculture in the classical world, London, Routledge, pp. 66-89.
Nagle, D.B. (2006). The household as the foundation of Aristotle’s polis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Ober, J. (2008). Democracy and knowledge. Innovation and learning in classical Athens, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Osborne, R. (2003). “Orgullo y prejuicio, sensatez y subsistencia. Intercambio y sociedad en la ciudad griega” [1991], en J. Gallego (ed.), El mundo rural en la Grecia antigua, Madrid, Akal, pp. 185-209.
Ruschenbusch, E. (1983). “Zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialstruktur der «Normalpolis»”, Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, III.13, pp. 171-194.
Ruschenbusch, E. (1985). “Die Zahl der griechischen Staaten und Arealgröße und Bürgerzahl der «Normalpolis»”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 59, pp. 253-263.
Salmon, J. (1999). “The economic role of the Greek city”, Greece & Rome, 46, pp. 147-167.
Sombart, W. (1902). Der moderne Kapitalismus, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 2 vols.
Sombart, W. (1916). Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, 2ª ed. München-Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 2 vols. en 4 partes.
Thomas, R. (2002). “La ciudad clásica”, en R. Osborne, La Grecia clásica, 500-323 a.C. [2000], Barcelona, Crítica, 63-94.
Weber, M. (1920-1921). “Die Stadt”, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 47, pp. 621-772.
Weber, M. (1922). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Mohr-Siebeck.
Weber, M. (1956). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriß der Verstehenden Soziologie, 4ª ed. Tübingen, Mohr-Siebeck.
Weber, M. (1964). Economía y sociedad. Esbozo de sociología comprensiva [19564], 2ª ed. México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Weber, M. (1987). La ciudad [1921], Madrid, La Piqueta.
Whittaker, C.R. (1990). “The consumer city revisited: the vicus and the city”, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 3, pp. 110-118.
Whittaker, C.R. (1995). “Do theories of the ancient city matter?”, en Th. Cornell & K. Lomas (eds.), Urban society in Roman Italy, London, Routledge, pp. 9-22.
Wilson, A. (2001). “Timgad and textile production”, en D.J. Mattingly & J. Salmon (eds.), Economies beyond agriculture in the classical world, London, Routledge, pp. 271-296.
Bintliff, J. (1994). “Territorial behaviour and the natural history of the Greek polis”, en E. Olshausen & H. Sonnabend (eds.), Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur historischen Geographie des Altertums 4, 1990. Grenze und Grenzland, Amsterdam, Hakkert, pp. 207-249.
Bintliff, J. (1999). “The origins and nature of the Greek city-state and its significance for world settlement history”, en P. Ruby (ed.), Les princes de la Protohistoire et l’émergence de l’État, Naples-Rome, Centre Jean Bérard-École Française de Rome, pp. 43-56.
Bintliff, J. (2006). “City-country relationships in the «normal polis»”, en R.M. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.), City, countryside, and the spatial organization of value in classical antiquity, Leiden, Brill, pp. 13-32.
Bresson, A. (2000). La cité marchande, Bordeaux, Ausonius.
Bruhns, H. (1985). “De Werner Sombart à Max Weber et Moses I. Finley: la typologie de la ville antique et la question de la ville de consommation”, en P. Leveau (ed.), L’origine des richesses dépensées dans le ville antique, Aix-en-Provence, Publications de l’Université, pp. 255-273.
Bruhns, H. (1996). “Max Weber, l’économie et l’histoire”, Annales. Histoire & Sciences Sociales, 51, pp. 1259-1287.
Bruhns, H. & Nippel, W. (1987-89). “Max Weber, M. I. Finley et le concept de cité antique”, Opus, 6-8, pp. 27-50.
Burford, A. (1993). Land and labor in the Greek world, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cartledge, P. (1998). “The economy (economies) of ancient Greece”, Dialogos, 5, pp. 4-24.
Descat, R. (1987). “L’économie d’une cité grecque au IVe siècle avant J.-C.: l’exemple athénien”, Revue des Études Anciennes, 89, pp. 239-252.
Descat, R. (1995). “L’économie antique et la cité grecque”, Annales. Histoire & Sciences Sociales, 50, pp. 961-989.
Engels, D. (1990). Roman Corinth. An alternative model for the classical city, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Finley, M.I. (1966). Los griegos de la Antigüedad [1963], Barcelona, Labor.
Finley, M.I. (1974). La economía de la Antigüedad [1973], México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Finley, M.I. (1984a). “La libertad del ciudadano en el mundo griego” [1976], en La Grecia antigua: economía y sociedad [1981], Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 103-123, 289-291.
Finley, M.I. (1984b): “La ciudad antigua: de Fustel de Coulanges a Max Weber y más allá” [1977], en La Grecia antigua: economía y sociedad [1981], Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 35-59, 281-284.
Finley, M.I. (1986). “Max Weber y la ciudad-estado griega” [1985], en Historia antigua: problemas metodológicos [1985], Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 133-156.
Gallego, J. (2005). Campesinos en la ciudad. Bases agrarias de la pólis griega y la infantería hoplita, Buenos Aires, Del Signo-Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Gallego, J. (2006). “El inventario de las poleis del «Copenhagen Polis Centre» y la definición de la polis como ciudad y como estado”, Ordia Prima. Revista de Estudios Clásicos, 5, pp. 157-172.
Gehrke, H.-J. (1986). Jenseits von Athen und Sparta. Das Dritte Griechenland und seine Staatenwelt, München, Beck.
Hansen, M.H. (1997). “The polis as an urban centre. The literary and epigraphical evidence”, en M.H. Hansen, (ed.), The polis as an urban centre and as a political community, Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, pp. 9-86.
Hansen, M.H. (2004a). “Introduction”, en M.H. Hansen & Th. Nielsen (eds.), An inventory of archaic and classical poleis, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-153. Hansen, M.H. (2004b). “The concept of the consumption city applied to the Greek polis”, en T.H. Nielsen (ed.), Once again. Studies in the ancient Greek polis, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 9-47.
Hansen, M.H. (2006). Polis. An introduction to the ancient Greek city-state, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Hansen, M.H. & Nielsen, Th. (eds.) (2004). An inventory of archaic and classical poleis, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Harris, E.M. (2001). Alain Bresson, La cité marchande. Bordeaux: Ausonius (Scripta Antiqua 2), 2000. Pp. 343. ISBN 2-910023-16-8, Bryn Mawr Classical Review (http://bmcr.brynmawr. edu/2001/2001-09-40.html).
Hopkins, K. (1978). “Economic growth and towns in classical antiquity”, en P. Abrams & E. Wrigley (eds.), Towns in societies. Essays in history and historical sociology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-79.
Horden, P. & Purcell, N. (2000). The corrupting sea. A study of Mediterranean history, Oxford, Blackwell.
Isager, S. & Skydsgaard, J.E. (1992). Ancient Greek agriculture. An introduction, London, Routledge.
Kirsten, E. (1956). Die griechische Polis als historisch-geographisches Problem des Mittelmeerraumes, Bonn, Dümmlers Verlag.
Kõiv, M. (2002). “Democratisation of Greek society during the archaic era?”, Studia Humaniora Tartuensia, 3, 1-12
Leveau, P. (1983a). “La ville antique et l’organisation de l’espace rurale: villa, ville, village”, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 38, pp. 920-942.
Leveau, P. (1983b). “La ville antique, «ville de consommation»? Parasitisme social et économie antique”, Études Rurales, 89-91, pp. 275-283.
Lintott, A. (1992). “Aristotle and democracy”, Classical Quarterly, 42, pp. 114-128.
Lintott, A. (2000). “Aristotle and the mixed constitution”, en R. Brock & S. Hodkinson (eds.), Alternatives to Athens. Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 152-166.
Mattingly, D.J., Stone, D., Stirling, L. & Lazreg, N.B. (2001). “Leptiminus (Tunisia). A «producer» city?”, en D.J. Mattingly & J. Salmon (eds.), Economies beyond agriculture in the classical world, London, Routledge, pp. 66-89.
Nagle, D.B. (2006). The household as the foundation of Aristotle’s polis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Ober, J. (2008). Democracy and knowledge. Innovation and learning in classical Athens, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Osborne, R. (2003). “Orgullo y prejuicio, sensatez y subsistencia. Intercambio y sociedad en la ciudad griega” [1991], en J. Gallego (ed.), El mundo rural en la Grecia antigua, Madrid, Akal, pp. 185-209.
Ruschenbusch, E. (1983). “Zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialstruktur der «Normalpolis»”, Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, III.13, pp. 171-194.
Ruschenbusch, E. (1985). “Die Zahl der griechischen Staaten und Arealgröße und Bürgerzahl der «Normalpolis»”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 59, pp. 253-263.
Salmon, J. (1999). “The economic role of the Greek city”, Greece & Rome, 46, pp. 147-167.
Sombart, W. (1902). Der moderne Kapitalismus, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 2 vols.
Sombart, W. (1916). Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, 2ª ed. München-Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 2 vols. en 4 partes.
Thomas, R. (2002). “La ciudad clásica”, en R. Osborne, La Grecia clásica, 500-323 a.C. [2000], Barcelona, Crítica, 63-94.
Weber, M. (1920-1921). “Die Stadt”, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 47, pp. 621-772.
Weber, M. (1922). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Mohr-Siebeck.
Weber, M. (1956). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriß der Verstehenden Soziologie, 4ª ed. Tübingen, Mohr-Siebeck.
Weber, M. (1964). Economía y sociedad. Esbozo de sociología comprensiva [19564], 2ª ed. México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Weber, M. (1987). La ciudad [1921], Madrid, La Piqueta.
Whittaker, C.R. (1990). “The consumer city revisited: the vicus and the city”, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 3, pp. 110-118.
Whittaker, C.R. (1995). “Do theories of the ancient city matter?”, en Th. Cornell & K. Lomas (eds.), Urban society in Roman Italy, London, Routledge, pp. 9-22.
Wilson, A. (2001). “Timgad and textile production”, en D.J. Mattingly & J. Salmon (eds.), Economies beyond agriculture in the classical world, London, Routledge, pp. 271-296.